| 11. | One such configuration is called a Penning trap, after the inventor F . M . Penning.
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| 12. | "' SMILETRAP "'is a Penning trap mass spectrometer located in Stockholm, Sweden.
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| 13. | Penning traps can be used in quantum computation and quantum information processing and are used at CERN to store antimatter.
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| 14. | The ions are created in the ion source transported and later captured in the magnetic field inside the Penning trap.
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| 15. | Buffer gas cooling, resistive cooling, and laser cooling are techniques to remove energy from ions in a Penning trap.
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| 16. | This process dominates the cooling of electrons in Penning traps, but is very small and usually negligible for heavier particles.
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| 17. | Without positrons electrons, the nuclei are negatively charged, allowing them to be captured and contained indefinitely within a Penning trap.
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| 18. | Many of the highest-precision mass measurements ( masses of the electron, proton, 2 Si ) come from Penning traps.
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| 19. | Penning traps form the basis of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for determining the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
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| 20. | We can place the ion of interest in the magnetic field of the Penning trap and count how many revolutions per second it executes.
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