All start with the higher vowels,, and except for, both elements are either contracted or non-contracted, so the pharyngealization is here transcribed after the second element of the vowel.
12.
Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar while clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.
13.
Since tongue and jaw position, nasalization and pharyngealization are all significative in this model, the vowel space is crowded indeed, with from 19 to 22 possible vowels, not counting diphthongs or long vowels.
14.
Arabic has consonants traditionally termed " emphatic " ( ), which exhibit simultaneous pharyngealization as well as varying degrees of velarization, so they may be written with the " Velarized or pharyngealized " diacritic ( ) as :.
15.
An umlauted vowel retains its basic place of articulation, and is pronounced between the corresponding category I and II vowels, i . e . of medium length, and unmarked for pharyngealization, glottalization or tongue root position.
16.
In Old Chinese, post-final ending consonants and were typically ignored; these developed into palatalization or pharyngealization ); and sometimes, voicing of initial obstruents and / or the presence of a medial after the initial consonant.
17.
Thus, in Arabic emphasis is synonymous with a secondary articulation involving retraction of the dorsum or root of the tongue, which has variously been described as velarization or pharyngealization depending on where the locus of the retraction is assumed to be.
18.
The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are } } ( for a velarized lateral ) and } } ( for a pharyngealized lateral ), though the dedicated letter } }, which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common.
19.
In addition, the acoustic quality of velarization and pharyngealization is very similar; as a result, no language uses both of these articulations contrastively . ( That is, no language has two sounds that differ only in one being velarized while the other is pharyngealized .)
20.
For non-sibilant sounds, the relevant variations in tongue shape can be adequately described by the concept of secondary articulation, in particular palatalization ( raising of the middle of the tongue ), velarization ( raising of the back of the tongue ) and pharyngealization ( retracting of the root of the tongue ).
