| 11. | Chronic use of phenacetin is known to lead to analgesic nephropathy characterized by renal papillary necrosis.
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| 12. | Due to low cost phenacetin is used for research into the physical and refractive properties of crystals.
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| 13. | Paracetamol is the major metabolite of phenacetin and may contribute to kidney injury through a specific mechanism.
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| 14. | However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses.
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| 15. | A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol.
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| 16. | In the 1950s, Sp�hler and Zollinger reported an association between kidney injury and the chronic use of phenacetin.
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| 17. | This condition was dubbed analgesic nephropathy and was attributed to phenacetin, although no absolute causative role was demonstrated.
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| 18. | NSAIDs in combination with excessive use of phenacetin and / or paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) may lead to analgesic nephropathy.
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| 19. | This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity.
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| 20. | In most areas, its incidence has declined sharply since the use of phenacetin fell in the 1970s and 1980s.
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