Production of eumelanin rather than pheomelanin by melanocytes, thereby increases pigmentation of the skin and thus provides photoprotection against harmful UV radiation from the sun.
12.
It is found non-covalently bound in the orange carotenoid protein ( OCP ), which is a soluble protein involved in photoprotection and non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis.
13.
Carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthine are produced in plants and certain bacteria, algae and fungi, where they function as accessory photosynthetic pigments and as scavengers of oxygen radicals for photoprotection.
14.
In 2007, Australian biopharmaceutical company Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited began clinical trials with an experimental treatment, a melanocyte-stimulating hormone called afamelanotide ( formerly CUV1647 ) to provide photoprotection for organ transplant patients against squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and actinic keratosis.
15.
Under iron-deficient growth conditions, CP43'associates with photosystem I to form a complex that consists of a ring of 18 or more CP43'molecules around a PSI trimer, which significantly increases the light-harvesting system of PSI . IsiA can also provide photoprotection for PSII.
16.
Afamelanotide in a subcutaneous implant form is currently being prescribed and used for treatment of patients in Italy and Switzerland and has received market authorization from the European Medicines Agency as a dermal photoprotection inducing agent for those suffering from erythropoietic protoporphyria ( EPP ) covering all of the European Union under the brand name " Scenesse ".
17.
Vitamin C is well-known for its ability to inhibit the over-production of melanin but the difference with White Essentiel is that it combines a vitamin C derivative with purified licorice extract and a photoprotection agent-photonyl-to obtain a higher degree of effectiveness on the overall inhibition of the process of melanin overproduction.
18.
Researchers found that " MELANOTAN effectively increases the melanin content of skin in those individuals with MC 1 R variant alleles and therefore, those most in need of photoprotection . " Results, released in December 2009, showed that seven of nine patients treated with afamelanotide could tolerate ambient light exposure and had an improve quality of life after 60 days of treatment.
19.
These topics include : ( 1 ) calculation of Franck-Condon factors, ( 2 ) applications of linear transport theory to chemical kinetics, diffuse reflection spectroscopy, and phonon transport in semiconductors, ( 3 ) spectroscopy of absorbing and scattering specimens, ( 4 ) primary photophysical processes in carotenoids, vitamin E and related molecules, ( 5 ) revival of quantum wave packets, ( 6 ) photoprotection in artificial and natural photosynthesis, ( 7 ) use of diffusive gradient in thin films ( DGTF ) for the in situ measurement of the labile forms of chemical elements in aqueous environments, sediments and soils, and ( 8 ) non-invasive measurement of blood pressure.
