| 11. | They pass laterally and slightly upward, over the inferior phrenic and renal arteries.
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| 12. | The mediastinal and central portions of the diaphragmatic pleurae are innervated by the phrenic nerves.
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| 13. | The right phrenic nerve may be crushed by the vena cava clamp during liver transplantation.
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| 14. | Hiccups are fast, involuntary spasms of the diaphragm caused by irritation of those phrenic nerves.
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| 15. | In canines the phrenic nerve arises from C5-C7 with occasional small contributions from C4.
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| 16. | Severing the phrenic nerve, or a phrenectomy, will paralyse that half of the diaphragm.
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| 17. | Diaphragmatic spasm is easily checked by pinching the phrenic nerve in the neck between the fingertips.
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| 18. | Diaphragmatic spasm is easily tested for and treated by short term interruption of the Phrenic nerve.
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| 19. | The Mark IV Breathing Pacemaker is a phrenic nerve stimulator, also called a diaphragm pacemaker.
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| 20. | The accessory phrenic nerve connects to the phrenic nerve in the thorax or the root of the neck.
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