In 1888, Gulick introduced new terms for two patterns of evolution that can be observed : the term monotypic evolution ( previously called " transformation; " today " anagenesis " ) and the term " polytypic evolution " ( previously called " diversification "; today " cladogenesis " ) simultaneous processes, such as the multiplication of species, manifested by different populations and incipient species.
12.
As its name implies, it stays close to coastal areas or river estuaries, and as such, is the most familiar porpoise to polytypic, with geographically distinct populations representing distinct races : " P . p . phocoena " in the North Atlantic and West Africa, " P . p . relicta " in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, an unnamed population in the northwest Pacific and " P . p . vomerina " in the northeast Pacific.
13.
Most of the 14 species of " Celeus " are polytypic, with the " C . Occidentalis ", " C . tinnunculus ", " C . castaneus ", " C . galeatus " and " C . Obrieni " being exceptions as monotypic . ?Head markings were the main diagnostic feature for taxonomy until recent molecular phylogenetic analysis brought changes to the species list . �Benz and Robbins ( 2011 ) in their DNA analysis of this genus found the species " C . loricatus-C . torquatus " as basal taxons . ?Recent DNA analysis placed the rufous woodpecker, previously thought to belong to " Celeus ", in " Micropternus brachyurus " . ?Sub species caatinga woodpecker ( " C . spectabilis obrieni " ) previously thought extinct was captured, using a " mist net " by A . D Prado in Tocantris in 2006, and was elevated in 2008 to Kaempfers woodpecker ( " C . Obrieni " ).
