Where " A " is surface area of the top face of the box and is the free surface charge density on the positive plate.
12.
Under discharge the positive plates are reduced ( " deoxidized " ); the oxygen, with its natural affinity for iron, goes to the negative plates, oxidizing them.
13.
This is a process in which lead sulfate forms on the plates, and during charge is converted to lead dioxide ( positive plate ) and pure lead ( negative plate ).
14.
Offset printing can use either a negative plate, where the hardened, exposed photosensitive coating attracts ink and repels water, or a positive plate, where the exposed photosensitive coating decomposes or exposes the metal, water-attracting surface.
15.
As the capacitor charge increases, the negative plate fills up with electrons, which occupy higher-energy states in the band structure, while the positive plate loses electrons, leaving behind electrons with lower-energy states in the band structure.
16.
At the end of charge when oxygen was evolved from overcharge on the positive plate, it traveled through the shrinkage cracks in the gel directly to the negative plate ( made from high surface area pure sponge lead ) and " burned " up as fast as it was made.
