Working with closely with National Institute of Standards and Technology, HYPRES developed became the sole commercial supplier of both 1-volt and 10-volt primary voltage standard chips and systems, made with all refractory niobium ( Nb ) technology.
12.
For current to flow " out " of the switch-end of the primary, the primary voltage at the switch end must be " positive " relative to its other end that is at the supply voltage V b.
13.
But this represents a primary voltage " opposite " in polarity to what it was during the time when the switch was closed : during T closed, the switch-end of the primary was approximately zero and therefore negative relative to the supply end; now during T open it has become positive relative to V b.
