Never for a moment at any Xenakis event are we allowed to forget the composer's background in architecture, civil engineering and mathematics, and how probability calculus, Markovian chains and Boolean algebra are his sometime models.
12.
Modern probability calculus was set up by Laplace in 1814 as a convenient way to package the ordinary logic of " equally likely ", based on symmetry, whether coming from physics or from our ( lack of ) knowledge ( indifference ).
13.
Alternatively, critics of Kahneman and Tversky such as Gerd Gigerenzer argue that heuristics should not lead us to conceive of human thinking as riddled with irrational cognitive biases, but rather to conceive rationality as an adaptive tool that is not identical to the rules of formal logic or the probability calculus.
14.
A critic of the work of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Gigerenzer argues that heuristics should not lead us to conceive of human thinking as riddled with irrational cognitive biases, but rather to conceive rationality as an adaptive tool that is not identical to the rules of formal logic or the probability calculus.
15.
This idea was further developed in a book published in 1837 " Grundz�ge der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung mit besonderer Anwendung auf die Operationen der Feldme�kunst " ( Foundations of Probability Calculus with Special Application to the Operations of Land Surveying ) which applied probability theory and least squares techniques to construction and surveying and deduced an error law that was not based on inverse probability arguments.
