The colloidal probe technique provides a versatile tool to measure such forces between a colloidal particle and a planar substrate or between two colloidal particles ( see figure above ).
12.
Based on the magneto-optic Kerr effect, TR-MOKE is a pump-probe technique where a pulsed laser source illuminates the sample with two separate laser beams.
13.
Field ion microscopy and atom probe techniques offer methods of producing much higher magnifications ( typically 3 million times and above ) and permit the observation of dislocations at an atomic level.
14.
The force mode used in the colloidal probe technique is illustrated in the figure on the left . The scanner is fabricated from piezoelectric crystals, which enable its positioning with a precision better than 0.1 nm.
15.
Ting and her lab are credited with developing a new molecular probe technique, PRIME ( PRobe Incorporation Mediated by Enzymes ), a protein labeling technique that is a high resolution and high specificity alternative to Green Fluorescent Protein imaging.
16.
Experimental force profiles between macroscopic bodies as measured with the surface forces apparatus ( SFA ) or colloidal probe technique are often reported as the ratio " F " ( " h " ) / " R " eff.
17.
During his tenure at BARC, he is known to have contributed for the establishment of a " nanosecond LINAC based pulse radiolysis system " at BARC and promoted the " nano, pico and femtosecond pump and probe techniques " to study the chemical dynamics.
18.
The study of "'LLCP "'s is an active research area with hundreds of papers having been published, though only a few of these investigations have been experimental since most modern probing techniques are not fast and / or sensitive enough to study them.
19.
In 1952, Lars Onsager explained the physics behind the effect, and, due to his interpretation, this effect can be used to image the Fermi surface of a metal, to measure the carrier density and more, which makes this a very powerful probing technique in condensed-matter physics.
20.
Special techniques are thus required to measure the positions of the surface atoms, and these generally fall into two categories : diffraction-based methods adapted for surface science, such as low-energy electron diffraction ( LEED ) or Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and atomic-scale probe techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy ( STM ) or atomic force microscopy.
