It has been suggested that as a result of sexual selection, protandry forms a preadaptation that gives the queen more power to control the production of males and the sex ratio.
12.
Protandry may be particularly relevant to this compromise, because it often results in an inflorescence structure with female phase flowers positioned below male phase flowers ( Bertin & Newman, 1993 ).
13.
They discovered that protandry tended to reduce the absolute levels of self-pollination and suggest that the evolution of protandry could be driven by the consequences of the pollination process for male mating success.
14.
They discovered that protandry tended to reduce the absolute levels of self-pollination and suggest that the evolution of protandry could be driven by the consequences of the pollination process for male mating success.
15.
Moreover, the question of protandry of individual flowers is probably irrelevant, because the sequential anthesis of flowers means that each inflorescence will typically contain flowers in both male and female stages at the same time.
16.
In many " Banksia " species, the risk of this occurring is reduced by protandry : a delay in a flower's receptivity to pollen until after its own pollen has lost its viability.
17.
The downside of this pollination strategy is that the probability of self-fertilisation is greatly increased; many Proteaceae counter this with strategies such as protandry, self-incompatibility, or preferential abortion of selfed seed.
18.
Given the tendency of many insect pollinators to forage upwards through inflorescences ( Galen & Plowright, 1988 ), protandry may enhance pollen export by reducing between-flower interference ( Darwin, 1862; Harder et al ., 2000 ).
