Simplest approach seems to be treat elementary particles as point objects that have an attribute that happens to behave like classical angular momentum, except that it is quantised.
12.
Using a vertical field shows that the spin along the vertical axis is quantised, and using a horizontal field shows that the spin along the horizontal axis is quantised.
13.
Using a vertical field shows that the spin along the vertical axis is quantised, and using a horizontal field shows that the spin along the horizontal axis is quantised.
14.
Thus Bohr's assumption that angular momentum is quantised means that an electron can only inhabit certain orbits around the nucleus, and that it can have only certain energies.
15.
:Energy levels for a certain system, like an electron in an atom, will be quantised, but that doesn't mean that energy in general is quantised.
16.
:Energy levels for a certain system, like an electron in an atom, will be quantised, but that doesn't mean that energy in general is quantised.
17.
Each phase shifting element can be designed to either produce a phase shift which is equal to that required at the element centre, or provide some quantised phase shifting values.
18.
While most areas of fundamental physics are understood as quantum theories, some areas remain difficult, such as developing quantum gravity which requires Einstein's general relativity to be quantised.
19.
Memory chips rely on this highly non-Newtonian phenomenon which takes advantage of the fact that energy is quantised and the Heisenburg uncertainty principle works the way we expect it to.
20.
SPs have lower energy than bulk ( or volume ) plasmons which quantise the longitudinal electron oscillations about positive ion cores within the bulk of an electron gas ( or plasma ).
