Shaji and Sudarshan argued in a Physics Letters A paper that, upon close examination, complete positivity is not a requirement for a good representation of open quantum evolution.
12.
A problem is that nonlinear activation functions do not immediately correspond to the mathematical structure of quantum theory, since a quantum evolution is described by linear operations and leads to probabilistic observation.
13.
Although shifting balance theory has been influential in evolutionary biology, inspiring the theories of quantum evolution and punctuated equilibrium, little empirical evidence exists to support the shifting balance process as an important factor in evolution.
14.
In the limit that one takes a large power of this operator, one reconstructs the full quantum evolution between two states, the early one with a fixed value of and the later one with a fixed value of.
15.
A mechanism proposed by quantum evolution is to imagine that the configuration of DNA in a cell is held in a quantum superposition of states, and that " mutations " occur as a result of a collapse of the superposition into the " best " configuration for the cell.
16.
The " classical " Darwinian model of the evolution of cells is based on a mechanism whereby cells individually undergo mutation, with the process of natural selection then culling out those mutations which are less beneficial to the organism . "'Quantum evolution "'is an attempt to provide a theoretical mechanism which would skew these random mutations in favor of some outcome beneficial to the cell.
17.
If this hypothesis were indeed true, one could further speculate that a similar, more robust process could explain observed phenomena such as the apparent " jumps " in the fossil record as adaptive mutations on an even larger scale; this would require even longer periods of state coherence than those described by McFadden et al . yet this has not been proposed by any of the advocates of quantum evolution who have limited their speculations to molecular processes.
18.
For example, one article relating to new organizational paradigms : Does God Have a Big Toe ? http : / / www . lighthousetrailsresearch . com / quantum-ebook . pdf mentions Sabetti's Wholearchy as a new organizational model as well Tom Peters and Rosbeth Moss Kantor, two noted organization gurus . In another example, Sabetti was the progenitor of Quantum Evolution Congress, which had notables like Meg Wheatley ( org . behavior ), Amit Goswami and Bill Tiller ( both physics pioneers ) on the roster.
