These missions include broadband measurements from the Earth Radiation Balance ( ERB ) instrument on the Nimbus-6 and Nimbus-7 satellites; Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget instrument ( GERB ) instrument on the Meteosat Second Generation ( MSG ) satellite.
12.
In general, aerosol particles can affect the radiation balance leading to a cooling or heating effect with the magnitude and sign of the temperature change largely dependent on aerosol optical properties, aerosol concentrations, and the albedo of the underlying surface.
13.
They also studied the correlation between the observed variability in Western US snowpack accumulation and atmospheric circulation in historical measurement data and developed temperature-snowfall correlations based on first principles and observation in order to improve the global radiation balance estimation used in climate change predictions.
14.
A 4-component net radiometer serves to measure 4 separate components of surface radiation balance : SW in direct incoming short wave radiation, SW out or reflected short wave radiation, LW in diffused long-wave radiation from the sky and LW out long-wave radiation emitted by the ground surface.
15.
The second of the listed mechanisms is the basis of one of the oldest applications of ARF, proposed by Wood and Loomis in the 1920s to measure total power in ultrasonic beams which later was implemented in radiation balances that were widely used to measure the power output from physiotherapy ultrasound units.
16.
After the publication of " Twilight at Noon " in 1982, In this early paper, TTAPS used assumption based estimates on the total smoke and dust emissions that would result from a major nuclear exchange, and with that, began analyzing the subsequent effects on the atmospheric radiation balance and temperature structure as a result of this quantity of assumed smoke.
17.
Normally, when a planet's radiation balance is perturbed ( e . g ., by increasing the amount of sunlight it gets or changing the greenhouse concentration, see Radiative Forcing ) it will transition to a new temperature until a stabilizing feedback known as the Stefan-Boltzmann response restores an equilibrium between the amount of energy the body absorbs and that which it emits.
18.
Optical depths of these magnitudes lead to a substantial change in the solar radiation balance over the highly reflecting Arctic snow surface during the March April time frame of these measurements modeled the Arctic aerosol for an absorption optical depth of 0.021 ( which is close to the average of an internal and external mixtures for the AGASP flights ), under cloud-free conditions.
