| 11. | The constraint is usually imposed on random effects, such as E ( v ) = 0.
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| 12. | As a demonstration, they set either one or two random effects variances to zero in simulated tests.
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| 13. | The Durbin Wu Hausman test is often used to discriminate between the fixed and the random effects model.
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| 14. | Genetic drift refers to random effects resulting from chance variation in the genes, environment, or development.
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| 15. | In hierarchical generalized linear models, the distributions of random effect u do not necessarily follow normal distribution.
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| 16. | Emigration occurs because of the accumulation of random effects on a large number of species with large populations.
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| 17. | The margin of error attributable to sampling and other random effects could be 1 percentage point in either direction.
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| 18. | A random effect can be present in either of these roles, but the two roles are quite distinct.
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| 19. | One of the artifacts, The Black Box, has a random effect which is not revealed to the players.
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| 20. | In other words, nested variation is often another way of saying nested random effects or nested sources of noise.
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