As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may repeatedly stimulate the receptors of the recipient cell.
12.
New versions of the synthetic genome with genes removed are transplanted into recipient cells, and the resultant cells'growth rates and their colony size are monitored.
13.
However, since bacteria tend to grow in clones, the DNA available for transformation would generally have the same genotype as that of the recipient cells.
14.
The problem with earlier cloning attempts, Wilmut said, was that the DNA from the donor had been out of synchronism with that of the recipient cell.
15.
The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.
16.
Exosomes produced by cells exposed to oxidative stress can mediate protective signals, reducing oxidative stress in recipient cells, a process which is proposed to depend on exosomal RNA transfer.
17.
Recipient cells are able to repair DNA damage in donor transforming DNA that had been UV irradiated as efficiently as they repair cellular DNA when the cells themselves are irradiated.
18.
They had a trait called chimerism _ some of the donor's immune cells rode in during the transplant and spread until donor and recipient cells peacefully coexisted in their bodies.
19.
These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
20.
By contrast, genes sufficiently far apart that they cannot appear together on a fragment of donor DNA will almost never be cotransformed, because transformation is so inefficient that recipient cells usually take up only a single DNA.
