The preload target can be achieved by a variety of methods : applying a measured torque to the bolt, measuring bolt extension, heating to expand the bolt then turning the nut down, torquing the bolt to the yield point, testing ultrasonically, or by applying a certain number of degrees of relative rotation of the threaded components.
12.
:: Of course, counterexamples to these simple theories of " relative rotation " are easy to find, but the catch is that the theory can always be extended, for example by assuming that the rotation we feel isn't actually relative to the Earth, or to any other nearby mass, but to the entire mass of the Universe.
13.
According to the general principle of relativity, rotation is a " relative " property, and a state of motion that a satellite senses as being " absolutely non-rotating " is a " local " state, dictated partly by the relative rotation of the background stars, but also partly by the rotation of the body that the satellite orbits.
14.
The north and south ends are formed of new bridging sections that rest upon floating mats ( foundations that do not penetrate the surface, rather sitting upon plastic sheets over level graded gravel and sand ) where they pass over and near the fault, with appropriate sliding connections between the sections for the safety of spectators and the ability to absorb the relative rotation between the east and west fixed sections and the new north and south mobile sections.
15.
Here ? ij is the angle of relative rotation ( it is a switching parameter like h ij for translation ), q ij is the distance from center of automaton "'i "'to contact point of automaton "'j "'( moment arm ), ? ij is the pair tangential interaction, S ( ij, ik ) is certain coefficient associated with transferring the ? parameter from one pair to other ( it is similar to C ( ij, ik ) from the equation for translation ).
16.
Since the force on charges expressed by the Lorentz equation depends upon the relative motion of the magnetic field ( i . e . the laboratory frame ) to the conductor where the EMF is located it was speculated that in the case when the magnet rotates with the disk but a voltage still develops, the magnetic field ( i . e . the laboratory frame ) must therefore not rotate with the magnetic material ( of course since it is the laboratory frame ), while the effective definition of magnetic field frame or the " effective / relative rotation of the field " turns with no relative motion with respect to the conductive disk.
