It could have grown with repeated loading from passing traffic, and Tyler thought it lucky that it had failed when a goods train was passing, rather than a passenger train, when casualties would have been inevitable.
12.
Fairbairn conducted some of the first serious studies of the effects of repeated loading of wrought and cast iron girders, showing that fracture could occur by crack growth from incipient defects, a problem now known as fatigue.
13.
There were many advantages of the use of train-ferries over conventional shipping in World War I . It was much easier to move the large, heavy artillery and tanks that this kind of modern warfare required using train-ferries as opposed to repeated loading and unloading of cargo.
14.
Although prototype hydride storage systems are being tested in cars and for other uses, Rossmeissl said more research was needed on these solid-state storage systems to find the best materials, to see if they could be economically produced and to check whether they remained durable and maintained their storage capacity with repeated loading and unloading.
15.
The small crack so created would then grow slowly under repeated loading from usage until the axle could no longer withstand imposed loads . ( It was noted that the day of the Barnsley Junction accident was very cold and the ballast under the railway sleepers was frozen, increasing the loads on the wheels and axles .)
16.
Structural failures occur in two general modes : static failure, and fatigue failure . " Static structural failure " occurs when, upon being loaded ( having a force applied ) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically, depending on the criterion for failure . " Fatigue failure " occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles.
17.
His research focussed on many problems in engineering with a persistent interest in the " lifetime performance of structures in hostile environments under dynamic and repeated loading . . . [ including ] research into load spectrums, fatigue and fracture, incremental collapse, risk assessment and life extension applied to cranes, bridges, ships ( bulk carriers ) and offshore structures with wrought iron, steel, concrete, composite and FRP materials ."
