| 11. | Rarely found above depths of, sea pens prefer deeper waters where turbulence is less likely to uproot them.
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| 12. | Certain starfish ochre sea star ( " Pisaster ochraceus " ), which does not feed on sea pens.
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| 13. | Octocorallia comprises the sea pens ( Pennatulacea ), soft corals ( Alcyonacea ), and blue coral ( Helioporacea ).
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| 14. | Sea pens are grouped with the octocorals ( " soft corals " ), together with sea whips or gorgonians.
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| 15. | Sea pens are sometimes brightly coloured; the orange sea pen ( " Ptilosarcus gurneyi " ) is a notable example.
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| 16. | Sea pens are sometimes brightly coloured; the orange sea pen ( " Ptilosarcus gurneyi " ) is a notable example.
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| 17. | Contributing factors are an ambient water temperature above 16 degrees Celsius, crowding and poor water circulation inside the sea pens.
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| 18. | They position themselves favourably in the path of currents, ensuring a steady flow of plankton, the sea pens'chief source of food.
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| 19. | In contrast to sea pens, which grow by basal insertion, " Charnia " grew by the apical insertion of new buds.
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| 20. | From 1992 to 1999 the aquarium hosted a family of dolphins enclosed in a sea pen, which later died due to poisoning.
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