Cosmic rays also cause elemental transmutation in the atmosphere, in which secondary radiation generated by the cosmic rays combines with atomic nuclei in the atmosphere to generate different nuclides.
12.
:: : So any method that someone uses to screen out gamma radiation that involves the three methods you mentioned is also going to produce this bremsstrahlung secondary radiation?
13.
While in space, astronauts are exposed to protons, helium nuclei, and HZE ions, as well as secondary radiation from nuclear reactions from spacecraft parts or tissue.
14.
:: : Muons are an important component of the secondary radiation created by cosmic rays when they strike the atmosphere . talk ) 00 : 42, 8 December 2009 ( UTC)
15.
One of the difficulties in dealing with cosmic rays, which are mostly high energy protons, is that some secondary radiation from interaction of cosmic rays and spacecraft materials is high energy spallation neutrons.
16.
Furthermore, the secondary radiation from lighter elements is of relatively low energy ( long wavelength ) and has low penetrating power, and is severely attenuated if the beam passes through air for any distance.
17.
In a 2002 NASA study, it was suggested that materials that have high hydrogen contents, such as polyethylene, can reduce primary and secondary radiation to a greater extent than metals, such as aluminum.
18.
During the years from 1930 to 1945, a wide variety of investigations confirmed that the primary cosmic rays are mostly protons, and the secondary radiation produced in the atmosphere is primarily electrons, photons and muons.
19.
Because portable LINACs for IOERT produced electron beams of energy less than or equal to 12 MeV and did not use bending magnets, the secondary radiation emitted was so low that it didn t require permanent shielding in the operating room.
20.
Indirect drive has various advantages, including better control over the spectrum of the radiation, smaller system size ( the secondary radiation typically has a wavelength 100 times smaller than the driver laser ), and more precise control over the compression profile.
