Goals of Ardenne s Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader; Steenbeck was a colleague of Hertz at Siemens.
12.
Goals of Ardenne's Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader; Steenbeck was a colleague of Hertz at Siemens.
13.
Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne s Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.
14.
Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, Goals of Manfred von Ardenne's Institute A included : ( 1 ) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, ( 2 ) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and ( 3 ) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader.
15.
Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz s Institute G included : ( 1 ) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, ( 2 ) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus M�hlenpfordt was the leader, ( 3 ) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Sch�tze was the leader, ( 4 ) Development of frameless ( ceramic ) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and ( 5 ) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwich was the leader; Barwich had been deputy to Hertz at Siemens.
16.
This team acted as research supervisors of major engineering projects, which include : the startup of the first physical reactor, Ph ( 1946 ); the design, construction, and startup of plants for plutonium production, radiochemical extraction, and metallurgy ( Kurchatov, plants A, B, V, Chelyabinsk-40, in 1948 and 1949 ); the development of a physical reactor and an industrial heavy-water one ( Alikhanov, Laboratory no . 3, 1949; OK-180, Chelyabinsk-40, 1951 ); the development of a manufacturing technology of diffusion separation of uranium-235 and uranium-238 ( I . K . Kikoin, plant D-1, Sverdlovsk-65, 1949 1951 ); the development of industrial mass separators for the electromagnetic separation of isotopes of uranium ( L . A . Artsimovich, SU-20, Sverdlovsk-45, 1950 ); and, finally, the design calculation, modeling, construction, and production of the first atomic bomb ( Khariton, Arzamas-16, 1946 1949 ) ( Gaponov ).
