Prandtl made the hypothesis that the viscous effects are important in thin layers called boundary layers adjacent to solid boundaries, and that viscosity has no role of importance outside.
12.
The absence of boundary layer effects means that any streamline can be replaced by a solid boundary with no change in the flow field, a technique used in many aerodynamic design approaches.
13.
The no-slip condition poses a problem in viscous flow theory at angle the contact line makes with the solid boundary, but the mechanism behind this is not yet fully understood.
14.
In the case of liquid-solid boundary formation, for instance, a large molecule that is temporarily half in solid ice and half in liquid water could find itself under unusual stresses.
15.
Viscosity cannot be neglected near solid boundaries because the no-slip condition generates a thin region of large strain rate, the boundary layer, in which viscosity effects dominate and which thus generates vorticity.
16.
Microsoft officials argue that it is not possible for the industry to establish solid boundaries between functions that belong in the computer's operating system and those that belong only in other applications, like a Web browser.
17.
:There are many sources of damage that can occur during freezing and thawing, including changes in pH of the solution, formation of crystals of both solute and solvent, the formation of liquid-solid boundaries, and temperature changes themselves.
18.
"I've never wanted to be pigeonholed as being just in music, or just in A & AMP; R, and fortunately, I work for a company where there aren't such solid boundaries, " he says.
19.
In many cases the viscous effects are concentrated near the solid boundaries ( such as in boundary layers ) while in regions of the flow field far away from the boundaries the viscous effects can be neglected and the fluid there is treated as it were inviscid ( ideal flow ).
20.
Like the steam engine, the Stirling engine is traditionally classified as an external combustion engine, as all heat transfers to and from the working fluid take place through a solid boundary ( heat exchanger ) thus isolating the combustion process and any contaminants it may produce from the working parts of the engine.
