Removable plastic stents are used in uncomplicated gallstone disease, while permanent blood clotting is impaired, as the risk of bleeding ( especially from sphincterotomy ) is increased in the use of medication such as clopidogrel ( which inhibits platelet aggregation ) or if the prothrombin time is significantly prolonged.
12.
A sphincterotomy ( making a cut in the sphincter of Oddi ) is typically done to ease the flow of bile from the duct and to allow insertion of instruments to extract gallstones that are obstructing the common bile duct; alternatively or additionally, the common bile duct orifice can be dilated with a balloon.
13.
Examples are midline internal sphincterotomy ( 8 % risk ), lateral internal sphincterotomy, fistulectomy, fistulotomy ( 18-52 % ), hemorrhoidectomy ( 33 % ), ileo-anal reservoir reconstruction, Lower anterior resection, total abdominal colectomy, ureterosigmoidostomy, Some authors consider obstetric trauma to be the most common cause.
14.
Examples are midline internal sphincterotomy ( 8 % risk ), lateral internal sphincterotomy, fistulectomy, fistulotomy ( 18-52 % ), hemorrhoidectomy ( 33 % ), ileo-anal reservoir reconstruction, Lower anterior resection, total abdominal colectomy, ureterosigmoidostomy, Some authors consider obstetric trauma to be the most common cause.
