Spodosols are known only from the Carboniferous and from a few periods since that time-though less acidic soils otherwise similar to spodosols are known from the Mesozoic and Tertiary and may constitute an extinct suborder.
12.
Spodosols are known only from the Carboniferous and from a few periods since that time-though less acidic soils otherwise similar to spodosols are known from the Mesozoic and Tertiary and may constitute an extinct suborder.
13.
There are also some forest soils of more recent times that cannot clearly be classified as Alfisols or as Spodosols because, despite their sandy horizons, there are not nearly acidic enough to have the typical features of a Spodosol.
14.
With the aid of X-ray diffraction, paleosols can now be classified into one of the 12 orders of Soil Taxonomy ( Oxisols, Ultisols, Alfisols, Mollisols, Spodosols, Aridisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Gelisols, Histosols, Vertisols and Andisols ).
15.
This process of podzolisation results in the characteristic soil profile of spodosols, in which the E horizon is usually an ashen grey or white colour without structure and there is a distinctive hardpan oxide layer in the B horizon ( which is always darker than the E horizon ).
16.
In soil science, "'podzols "'( known as "'spodosols "'in China and the United States of America and "'podosols "'in Australia ) are the typical soils of coniferous, or E horizon ) during first plowing of a virgin soil of this type.
