"The probability of occurrence of a stochastic effect in a tissue or organ is assumed to be proportional to the equivalent dose in the tissue or organ.
12.
An acceptable level of incidence of stochastic effects is considered to be equal for a worker to the risk in another work generally considered to be safe.
13.
In the case of estimation of stochastic effects, assuming a linear dose response, this averaging out should make no difference as the total energy imparted remains the same.
14.
Stochastic effects can only be measured through large epidemiological studies where enough data has been collected to remove confounding factors such as smoking habits and other lifestyle factors.
15.
Additional dosimetry calculations would have to be performed on these figures to arrive at a meaningful effective dose, which is needed to estimate the risk of cancer or other stochastic effects.
16.
As with all PCR based methods, highly degraded DNA or very small amounts of DNA may cause allelic dropout ( causing a mistake in thinking a heterozygote is a homozygote ) or other stochastic effects.
17.
Some issues not specific to EUV, such as resist collapse and stochastic effects ( including photon shot noise ), also currently bar EUV from exceeding the resolution limits of immersion lithography in high volume manufacturing.
18.
The use of the sievert implies that only stochastic effects are being considered, and to avoid confusion deterministic effects are conventionally compared to values of absorbed dose expressed by the SI unit gray ( Gy ).
19.
Although it was determined that the mrem ), a dose much lower than that which could induce embryonic abnormalities or other non-stochastic effects, there was an observed 2500 excess of otherwise wanted pregnancies being terminated, probably out of fear in the mother of radiation risk.
20.
It causes microscopic damage to living tissue, which can result in skin burns and radiation sickness at high exposures ( known as " tissue " or " deterministic " effects ), and statistically elevated risks of cancer at low exposures ( " stochastic effects " ).
