| 11. | The subspecific name, " fitzingeri ", is in honor of herpetologist Leopold Fitzinger.
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| 12. | The subspecific name, " haydeni ", is in honor of geologist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden.
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| 13. | The species is quite variable, with some recognizing 5 varieties and others not recognizing any subspecific taxa.
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| 14. | Subspecific divisions have been suggested for both the Atlantic and Pacific herrings, but their biological basis remain unclear.
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| 15. | The subspecific name, " pickeringii ", is in honor of American Charles E . Pickering.
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| 16. | Thus, for example the subspecific structure of " I . cayanensis " is still rather puzzling.
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| 17. | The subspecific name, " zweifeli ", is in honor of herpetologist Richard G . Zweifel.
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| 18. | To be honest, the grounds for subspecific status are probably based more soundly on geographical isolation than physical appearance.
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| 19. | Some authorities split the described subspecific taxa of " S . rubra " into 3 to 5 species.
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| 20. | Unfortunately, the authors do not provide subspecific identification of their single " P . unicornis " specimen.
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