| 11. | Others may have mutations in certain subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme.
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| 12. | Purple dashed arrow shows diffusion of succinate to block PHD ( Pathway 2 ).
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| 13. | Therefore, increasing ?-ketoglutarate levels can offset the effect of succinate accumulation.
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| 14. | Alternative approaches have altered the redox and ATP balance to optimize the succinate yield.
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| 15. | Succinate semialdehyde is considered a reactive carbonyl and may lead to increased oxidative stress.
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| 16. | SDHA contains the FAD binding site where succinate is deprotonated and converted to fumarate.
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| 17. | During catalysis, isocitrate is aldol cleavage results in the release of succinate and glyoxylate.
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| 18. | It is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.
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| 19. | COO is lost in each step and succinate ( a four carbon compound ) is produced.
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| 20. | Because the mutated SDH enzyme cannot convert succinate to fumarate, succinate accumulates in the cell.
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