Due to the chemical structure of liquid surface phase, the term " ? / " e always equals to zero meaning that surface free energy won t change even if the surface is being stretched.
12.
He also appreciated that " an anisotropic surface free energy implied a non-spherical equilibrium shape ", which should be thermodynamically defined as " the shape which minimizes the total surface free energy ".
13.
He also appreciated that " an anisotropic surface free energy implied a non-spherical equilibrium shape ", which should be thermodynamically defined as " the shape which minimizes the total surface free energy ".
14.
Membrane surface chemistry creates very important properties such as hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity ( related to surface free energy ), presence of ionic charge, membrane chemical or thermal resistance, binding affinity for particles in a solution, and biocompatibility ( in case of bioseparations ).
15.
Subsequently, when the surface coverage by the surfactants increases, the surface free energy ( surface tension ) decreases and the surfactants start aggregating into micelles, thus again decreasing the system's free energy by decreasing the contact area of hydrophobic parts of the surfactant with water.
16.
Such an inequality of molecular forces induces continuous movement of molecules from the inside to the surface, which means the surface molecules has extra energy, which is called surface free energy or potential energy, and such an energy acting on reduced unit area is defined as surface tension.
