Between 200 B . C . and 300 A . D ., colonizing expeditions of swidden farming, and developed successful littoral and riparian societies as well; all economies which demand low population density.
12.
They are also known for building their houses on treetops, for the use of swidden farming, and for the uniquely shaped Kalinga head ax, which was used both as a weapon and a farming implement.
13.
Hmong rely on swidden farming to produce rice, corn, and other crops, but tend to plant a field until the soil was exhausted, rather than only for a year or two before allowing it to lie fallow.
14.
Orang Rimba life is characterized by small and changing camps, which can be the size of a nuclear family when digging for wild yams, but more commonly is based around an extended family, and can include several extended families whenever swidden farming.
15.
Government efforts to resettle Hmong and other swidden farming communities in lowland sites are motivated by security concerns as was the case under the RLG in the 1960s and 1970s and by competition for timber, but may lead to increased disaffection of the minorities affected.
16.
Although traditional levels of swidden farming did not cause the same level of land and forest damage as have recent logging activities, government statements increasingly have attributed rapid deforestation to swidden clearing and have envisioned the abolition of all upland swidden cultivation soon after the year 2000.
17.
For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture ( usually on terraces ), camote / sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn / swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry.
18.
Even with plenty of land available in earlier times, the backbreaking toil involved in kaingin or swidden farming, the lack of sufficient agricultural implements, and an apparently wasteful exploitation of resources which led to deforestation of Zamboanga forest as early as the 19th century kept the Subanon economy at a constant level of subsistence.
19.
In response to increasing population pressure in the uplands, as well as to government discouragement of swidden farming, some Hmong households or villages are in the process of developing small rice paddies in narrow upland valleys or relocating to lower elevations where, after two centuries as swidden farmers, they are learning paddy technology, how to train draft buffalo, and how to identify seed varieties.
