If theories are simply " in the mind ", then applying and testing them can likewise be " in the mind ", accomplished by symbol manipulation rather than by instrumental actions.
12.
This encoding is performed by way of symbol manipulation, which, in psychology, has led to critical statements of the sort of " SIT assumes that the brain performs symbol manipulation ".
13.
In fact, AI research in general has moved away from high level symbol manipulation or " GOFAI ", towards new models that are intended to capture more of our " unconscious " reasoning.
14.
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics ( NCTM ) recommends a decreased emphasis on the memorization of the rules of algebra and the symbol manipulation of algebra in their " Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for Mathematics ".
15.
Bert Green of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory published a review article entitled " Computer languages for symbol manipulation " in IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics in March 1961 which summarized the advantages of the linked list approach.
16.
George Lakoff, Mark Turner and others have argued that our abstract skills in areas such as mathematics, ethics and philosophy depend on unconscious skills that derive from the body, and that conscious symbol manipulation is only a small part of our intelligence.
17.
In fact, since Dreyfus first published his critiques in the 60s, AI research in general has moved away from high level symbol manipulation or " GOFAI ", towards new models that are intended to capture more of our " unconscious " reasoning.
18.
Searle has no objection to constructing an artificial consciousness producing brain " using some chemistry different from neurons " so long as it duplicates " the actual causal powers of the brain " which he says precludes computation by itself, since that only involves symbol manipulation.
