The mode of cracking varies between oxygen and ozone attack, the former causing a " crazy paving " effect, while ozone attack produces deeper cracks aligned at right angles to the tensile strain in the product.
12.
If there is an increase in length of the material line, the normal strain is called " tensile strain ", otherwise, if there is reduction or compression in the length of the material line, it is called " compressive strain ".
13.
The SWNT production company OCSiAl developed a series of masterbatches for industrial use of single-wall CNTs in multiple types of rubber blends and tires, with initial trials showing increases in hardness, viscosity, tensile strain resistance and resistance to abrasion while reducing elongation and compression In tires the three primary characteristics of durability, fuel efficiency and traction were improved using SWNTs.
14.
Now let's think about it . . . steel bars around the perimeter can resist compression loads alot more than concrete which leeds to the same relation between strain value for both materials . . . according to that steel will held the concrete around it in position depending on adhesion between concrete and steel forming something like a fence wich can hold the concrete within as the load increased the concrete in the middle is subjected to a big load and is forcing the fence to deform so the inner concrete can expand laterally . . . . here where stirupps can work . . . . it transfer the lateral deforming in the fence into tensile strain in the stirupps so it helds the fence in position preventing lateral strain which preventing vertical strain which in the result will prevent the column to collapse . . ..
