The thermal velocity of the electrons will be fast due to their high temperature and low mass : v _ e \ approx \ sqrt { k _ BT _ e / m _ e }.
12.
The velocity of each particle as it gyrates around a field line can be treated similarly to a thermal velocity in an ordinary gas, and in an ordinary gas, the mean thermal velocity is roughly the speed of sound.
13.
The velocity of each particle as it gyrates around a field line can be treated similarly to a thermal velocity in an ordinary gas, and in an ordinary gas, the mean thermal velocity is roughly the speed of sound.
14.
As the laser excitation is started, the molecules inside the cavity emit photons, but since the molecules have a thermal velocity, the light inside the laser cavity is at first a range of frequencies, corresponding to the statistical distribution of velocities.
15.
Further out the surface of the planetary core ( which would been rocky or metally ) would be cold enough for the captured hydrogen ( and helium ) to be captured-the thermal velocity of the gas is less than the surface escape velocity.
16.
In a uniform magnetic field, a particle undergoes random walk across the field lines by the step size of gyroradius ?a " v th / ?, where v th denotes the thermal velocity, and ?a " qB / mc, the gyrofrequency.
17.
If the collision frequency is larger than the gyrofrequency, then the particles can be considered to move freely with the thermal velocity " v " th between collisions, and the diffusion coefficient takes the form D = v _ { th } ^ 2 / \ nu.
18.
From the Tsiolkovsky equation stated above, this results in a proportionally higher final velocity of the propelled craft . The exhaust velocity of a PPT is of the order of tens of km / s while conventional chemical propulsion generates thermal velocities in the range of 2-4.5 km / s.
19.
The net result is that both ions and electrons stream outward at the speed of sound, c _ s \ approx \ sqrt { k _ BT _ e / m _ i }, which is much smaller than the electron thermal velocity, but usually much larger than the ion thermal velocity.
20.
The net result is that both ions and electrons stream outward at the speed of sound, c _ s \ approx \ sqrt { k _ BT _ e / m _ i }, which is much smaller than the electron thermal velocity, but usually much larger than the ion thermal velocity.
