| 11. | Substituting thiols or water for the copper salts generates thioethers or phenols, respectively.
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| 12. | Thioethers are typically prepared by alkylation of thiols.
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| 13. | It is trapped therein by reduction back to ascorbate by glutathione and other thiols.
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| 14. | The reduction occurs via direct electron transfer primarily from ascorbate and some nonprotein thiols.
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| 15. | Disulfides reduce to thiols ( via thiolates ).
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| 16. | It is also fastidious and difficult to culture, requiring the presence of thiols.
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| 17. | In the absence of thiols, selenols tend to overoxidize to produce seleninic acids.
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| 18. | In larger concentrations, thiols are toxic.
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| 19. | Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid ( vitamin C ) terminate these chain reactions.
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| 20. | Furthermore, it is often not needed to remove TCEP before modification of protein thiols.
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