Research in 2011 has shown that cells may differentiate not into a fully totipotent cell, but instead into a " complex cellular variation " of totipotency.
12.
Research on " Caenorhabditis elegans " suggests that multiple mechanisms including RNA regulation may play a role in maintaining totipotency at different stages of development in some species.
13.
Moreover, the cow-egg experiment, like the previous cloning of a sheep, proved that the cycle is reversible : " Committed " adult cells can be restored to embryonic totipotency.
14.
In September 2013, a team from the Spanish national Cancer Research Centre was able for the first time to make adult cells from mice retreat to the characteristics of embryonic stem cells, thereby achieving totipotency.
15.
This reprogramming is likely required for totipotency of the newly formed embryo and erasure of acquired epigenetic changes . " In vitro " manipulation of pre-implantation embryos has been shown to disrupt methylation patterns at imprinted loci and plays a crucial role in cloned animals.
16.
No cocktail has been identified to completely reprogram adult cells to totipotency or pluripotency, but many examples exist that improve the overall efficiency of the process and can supplant one or more genes by direct reprogramming routes ( Feng et al ., 2009; Zhu et al ., 2010 ) . ] ]-->
