Due to Lorentz contraction the undulator is shortened by a \ gamma factor and the electron experiences much shorter undulator wavelength \ lambda _ u / \ gamma.
12.
Due to Lorentz contraction the undulator is shortened by a \ gamma factor and the electron experiences much shorter undulator wavelength \ lambda _ u / \ gamma.
13.
In an undulator source the radiation produced by the oscillating electrons interferes constructively with the motion of other electrons, causing the radiation spectrum to have a relatively narrow bandwidth.
14.
After compression, the beam, consisting now of sub-picosecond bunches, enters the magnetic undulator that constitutes a major part of the mid-IR Free Electron Laser ( FEL ).
15.
The performance of high flux ( ~ 10 14-10 15 photons / s ) and narrow bandwidth makes the laser-based ARPES overwhelm the synchrotron radiation ARPES even though the best undulator beamlines are used.
16.
Where \ lambda _ u is the undulator wavelength ( the spatial period of the magnetic field ), \ gamma is the relativistic Lorentz factor and the proportionality constant depends on the undulator geometry and is of the order of 1.
17.
Where \ lambda _ u is the undulator wavelength ( the spatial period of the magnetic field ), \ gamma is the relativistic Lorentz factor and the proportionality constant depends on the undulator geometry and is of the order of 1.
18.
The second factor of N comes from the reduction of the emission angle associated with these harmonics, which is reduced as 1 / N . When the electrons come with half the period, they interfere destructively, the undulator stays dark.
19.
This means that although a precise calculation is tedious, the undulator can be seen as a black box, where only functions inside the device affect how an input is converted to an output; an electron enters the box and an electromagnetic pulse exits through a small exit slit.
20.
The HiSOR has two insertion devices, a linear undulator and a helical undulator, in the two linear sections of the ring and has an electron energy of 0.7 GeV with a nominal beam current of 300 mA . The ring itself has a circumference of 22 m.
