In technical terms, the two physicists discovered that the " charge conjugation " and " parity " observed in the decay of unstable particles called neutral K-2 mesons are slightly violated by the " weak " nuclear force.
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It then turns out that : a ) the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff on high-energy cosmic protons and nuclei does no longer apply; b ) high-momentum unstable particles have longer lifetimes than expected with exact Lorentz invariance, and may even become stable at the highest observed cosmic ray energies or slightly above.
