| 11. | Finally, valence band electrons can also fill core holes or be emitted during KVV-type transitions.
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| 12. | In direct RIXS, the incoming photon promotes a core-electron to an empty valence band state.
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| 13. | Where is the maximum energy of the valence band.
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| 14. | :Classification as metal / semiconductor / insulator is based on band gap and valence band.
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| 15. | So electrons near the top of the valence band behave like they have negative mass.
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| 16. | Such levels can be formed by conduction and valence bands in narrow gap indirect semiconductors.
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| 17. | However, first the electron has to be excited from the valence band into the conduction band.
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| 18. | VB = valence band, CB = conduction band
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| 19. | Graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor, because its conduction and valence bands meet at the Dirac points.
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| 20. | Then the valence band offset is given by:
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