If there are multiple layers of soil or water above the point of interest, the vertical stress may be calculated by summing the product of the unit weight and thickness of all of the overlying layers.
12.
These studies showed that base courses reinforced with Novel Polymeric Alloy geocells reduced the vertical stresses at the interface between subgrade and base course, reduced permanent and creep deformations, increased elastic deformation, stiffness, and bearing capacity of base courses.
13.
Precautions were taken after the 2005 slide to reduce the stress on the hillside, including the construction of a retaining wall to reduce the effects of the vertical stress ( sigma 1 ), and gravel drains to help remove water from the hillside to help rocks maintain cohesive strength.
14.
Additionally DSSM explains key relationships in soil mechanics that to date have simply been taken for granted, for example, why normalized undrained peak shear strengths vary with the log of the over consolidation ratio and why stress strain curves normalize with the initial effective confining stress; and why in one-dimensional consolidation the void ratio must vary with the log of the effective vertical stress, why the end-of-primary curve is unique for static load increments, and why the ratio of the creep value C? to the compression index Cc must be approximately constant for a wide range of soils.
