See Tubular Steel structures, chapter 2, 9 & 12 for the allowable stresses for thin, round ducts, their allowable stresses, elbows, elbow softening coefficients, and some procedures for the design of duct support rings.
22.
As a result, structures that were code compliant based on design using the Load and Resistance Factor Design ( LRFD ) requirements-particularly where the LRFD procedures explicitly defined additional analysis which was not explicitly defined in the Allowable Stress Design procedures.
23.
*The allowable stress " ? " is also often reduced by the need to limit the displacement " ? " of the structure since it is not possible to significantly alter " E " for a given material.
24.
For example, to achieve a factor of safety of 4, the allowable stress in an AISI 1018 steel component can be calculated to be R = UTS / FS = 440 / 4 = 110 MPa, or R = 110?0 6 N / m 2.
25.
The exact formula varies with the tank shape but depends on the density, ?, and maximum allowable stress ? of the material in addition to the pressure P and volume V of the vessel . ( See below for the exact equations for the stress in the walls .)
26.
The first Allowable Stress Design ( ASD ) Specification was based on the research work sponsored by AISI at Cornell University under the direction of late Professor George Winter since 1939 . As a result of this work, George Winter is now considered the grandfather of cold-formed steel design.
27.
Other desirable properties of "'copper in heat exchangers "'include its corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, maximum allowable stress and internal pressure, creep rupture strength, fatigue strength, hardness, thermal expansion, specific heat, antimicrobial properties, tensile strength, yield strength, high melting point, alloyability, ease of fabrication, and ease of joining.
