The three energy-conversion layers below the antireflection layer are the top junction layer, the absorber layer, which constitutes the core of the device, and the back junction layer.
22.
By using two or more layers, broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range ( 400-700 nm ) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5 % are commonly achievable.
23.
Professor Bob Beaton, a researcher at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg who has worked on glare filters for 15 years, said properly designed antireflection filters improved contrast, making the screen easier to see.
24.
The Sonnar had more popularity before World War II because, before antireflection coating, the Sonnar's three cell with six air-glass surfaces versus the Double Gauss's four and eight made it less vulnerable to flare.
25.
During 1992, Rockwell applied micro-optics to the system development of several industrial applications, including, microlenses for silicon focal planes, high speed binary microlens in GaAs, antireflection surfaces in silicon, thin film microlens arrays, beam steering device, microlens integration with focal plane arrays, and optical transformer and collimator.
26.
Lenses with glass elements artificially " single-coated " by vacuum deposition of a very thin layer ( approximately 130-140 nanometers ) of magnesium or calcium fluoride to suppress surface reflections were invented by Alexander Smakula working for Zeiss in 1935 and first sold in 1939 . Antireflection coating could cut reflection by two-thirds.
27.
Antireflection coating does not relieve the need for a lens hood ( a conical tube slipped, clipped, screwed or bayoneted onto the front of a lens to block non-image forming rays from entering the lens ) because flare can also result from strong stray light reflecting off of other inadequately blacked internal lens and camera components.
28.
This is quite general, because, except for metals, the reflectivity of most materials depends on their refraction index, which varies little with the wavelength ( though it is this variation that causes the chromatic dispersion in a interferential reflections : iridescences, peacock feathers, butterfly wings, beetle elytra, or the antireflection coating of a lens.
