Mary Ainsworth used this feature plus'stranger wariness'and reunion behaviours, other features of attachment behaviour, to develop a research tool called the'Strange situation'for developing and classifying different attachment styles.
22.
Sroufe et al . have agreed that'even disorganised attachment behaviour ( simultaneous approach-avoidance; freezing, etc . ) enables a degree of proximity in the face of a frightening or unfathomable parent '.
23.
As the episodes increase the stress of the infant by increments, the observer can watch the infant s movement between behavioural systems : the interplay of exploration and attachment behaviour, in the presence and in the absence of the parent.
24.
However, Hinde considered " attachment behaviour system " to be an appropriate term of theory language which did not offer the same problems " because it refers to postulated control systems that determine the relations between different kinds of behaviour ."
25.
In the 1970s, problems with viewing attachment as a trait ( stable characteristic of an individual ) rather than as a type of behaviour with organising functions and outcomes, led some authors to the conclusion that attachment behaviours were best understood in terms of their functions in the child's life.
26.
The ICD-10 definition is : " A particular pattern of abnormal social functioning that arises during the first five years of life and that tends to persist despite marked changes in environmental circumstances, e . g . diffuse, nonselectively focused attachment behaviour, attention-seeking and indiscriminately friendly behaviour, poorly modulated peer interactions; depending on circumstances there may also be associated emotional or behavioural disturbance ."
27.
Indeed, the D classification puts together infants who use a somewhat disrupted secure ( B ) strategy with those who seem hopeless and show little attachment behaviour; it also puts together infants who run to hide when they see their caregiver in the same classification as those who show an avoidant ( A ) strategy on the first reunion and then an ambivalent-resistant ( C ) strategy on the second reunion.
28.
:" A particular pattern of abnormal social functioning that arises during the first five years of life and that tends to persist despite marked changes in environmental circumstances, e . g . diffuse, nonselectively focused attachment behaviour, attention-seeking and indiscriminately friendly behaviour, poorly modulated peer interactions; depending on circumstances there may also be associated emotional or behavioural disturbance . " F94.2 of the ICD-10.
29.
In the 1970s, problems with the emphasis on attachment as a trait ( a stable characteristic of an individual ) rather than as a type of behaviour with important organising functions and outcomes, led some authors to consider that " attachment ( as implying anything but infant-adult interaction ) [ may be said to have ] outlived its usefulness as a developmental construct . . . " and that attachment behaviours were best understood in terms of their functions in the child's life.
30.
Sroufe et al . have agreed that " even disorganised attachment behaviour ( simultaneous approach-avoidance; freezing, etc . ) enables a degree of proximity in the face of a frightening or unfathomable parent . " However, " the presumption that many indices of'disorganisation'are aspects of organised patterns does not preclude acceptance of the notion of disorganisation, especially in cases where the complexity and dangerousness of the threat are beyond children's capacity for response . " For example, " Children placed in care, especially more than once, often have intrusions.
