| 21. | The question is whether the automatism was the result of a mental disorder or not.
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| 22. | Mary Carroll Nelson founded the automatism.
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| 23. | This was held not to qualify as automatism as the appelant had entered this state voluntarily.
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| 24. | Formerly the courts would draw a distinction between " sane " and " insane " automatism.
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| 25. | The condition was earlier described by Cl�rambault in the context with his research on mental automatisms.
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| 26. | "Automatism was neither to be expected nor to be desired, " said Issing.
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| 27. | Others consider the items created through automatism to be finished works themselves, needing no further refinement.
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| 28. | This means that insane automatisms do not require total loss of voluntary control ( see below ).
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| 29. | However, there have been cases where the automatism defence was successful when none of these apply.
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| 30. | Traditional modes of art composition were looked away from in favor of improvisation, spontaneity and automatism.
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