By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the hepatic diverticulum, which will go on to become the biliary tree.
22.
The sphincter of Oddi is a sphincter muscle, a circular band of muscle at the bottom of the biliary tree which controls the flow of pancreatic juices and bile into the second part of the duodenum.
23.
Often diagnosis is made due to the presence of painless swellings or mass lesions, or due to complications of masses, e . g . jaundice due to involvement of the pancreas, biliary tree or liver.
24.
In contrast, the gallbladder is more often enlarged and thus more easily palpated in pathologies that cause obstruction of the biliary tree over a more acute, shorter period of time such as pancreatic malignancy, leading to passive distention from back pressure.
25.
The young adult worm escapes from the metacercarial cyst in the upper small intestine and then migrates through the ampulla of Vater into the biliary tree, where it develops to sexual maturity over four to six weeks, thus completing the life cycle.
26.
Other complications include ascending cholangitis if there is a bacterial infection which can cause purulent inflammation in the biliary tree and liver, and acute pancreatitis as blockage of the bile ducts can prevent active enzymes being secreted into the bowel, instead damaging the pancreas.
27.
One of the most common conditions of the exocrine pancreas is acute pancreatitis, which in the majority of cases relates to gallstones that have impacted in the pancreatic part of the biliary tree, or due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse or as a side-effect of hereditary forms.
28.
After reviewing 46 cases of Caroli disease before 1990, it was found that 21.7 % of the cases were the result of an intraheptic cyst or non-obstructive biliary tree dilation, 34.7 % were linked with congenital hepatic fibrosis, 13 % were isolated choledochal cystic dilation, and the remaining 24.6 % had a combination of all three.
29.
Cholestasis means " the slowing or stopping of bile flow " which can be caused by any number of diseases of the liver ( which produces the bile ), the gallbladder ( which stores the bile ), or biliary tract ( also known as the biliary tree, the conduit that allows the bile to leave the liver and gallbladder and enter the small intestine ).
