AII-amacrine cells capture rod bipolar cell input and redistribute it to cone bipolar cells since rod-driven bipolar cells do not synapse on ganglion cells.
22.
Amacrine cells with extensive dendritic trees are thought to contribute to inhibitory surrounds by feedback at both the bipolar cell and ganglion cell levels.
23.
Amacrine cells operate at the inner plexiform layer ( IPL ), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells form synapses.
24.
In 1891 Santiago Ram�n y Cajal described slender horizontal bipolar cells he had found in an histological preparation of the developing marginal zone of lagomorphs.
25.
The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three-neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor ( either a cone ), bipolar cell, and the ganglion cell.
26.
Bipolar cells have a two processes extending from the cell body and multipolar cells have three or more processes extending towards and away from the cell body.
27.
In retinal ganglion cells ( see below ), this area of the retina would encompass all the photoreceptors, all the bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.
28.
Absorption of a photon will hyperpolarize the photoreceptor and therefore result in the release of " less " glutamate at the presynaptic terminal to the bipolar cell.
29.
The rod and cone photoreceptors signal their absorption of photons via a decrease in the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate to bipolar cells at its axon terminal.
30.
On the other hand, binding of glutamate to a metabotropic receptor results in a hyperpolarization, so this bipolar cell will depolarize to light as less glutamate is released.
