In most cases, tumour staging is completed by scanning the head and neck region to assess the local extent of the tumour and any pathologically enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
22.
Papillary thyroid carcinomas are also discovered when a hard nodule is found in multinodular goiter, when enlarged cervical lymph nodes are detected, or when there are unidentified metastatic lesions elsewhere in the body.
23.
Trouble swallowing or speaking, swollen cervical lymph nodes or a firm, immobile nodule are more indicative of malignancy, whereas a family history of autoimmune disease or goiter, thyroid hormonal dysfunction or a soft, painful nodule are more indicative of benignancy.
24.
The staging system for head and neck malignancies considers all malignancies with palpable cervical adenopathy as Stage 3 or Stage 4, reflecting the grim prognostic implications of palpable nodal disease . 2 The most important prognostic indicator in patients with squamous carcinoma of the head and neck remains the status of the cervical lymph nodes . 3
25.
Next day an autopsy was conducted by Pelletan, at which it was stated that a child apparently about ten years of age, " which the commissioners told us was the late Louis Capet's son ", had died of a scrofulous infection of long standing . " Scrofula " as it was previously known, is nowadays called " Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis " referring to a lymphadenitis ( chronic lymph node swelling or infection ) of the neck ( cervical lymph nodes ) lymph nodes associated with tuberculosis.
26.
After noticing an unusual alignment of immune cells along the dural sinus using the meningeal whole-mount technique, the Kipnis lab found a network of vessels in the dura that expressed lymphatic endothelial cell marker proteins, including PROX1, LYVE1, and PDPN . In follow-up experiments, the vessels were also shown to extend along the length of both the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses, and ( after the performance of anatomical tracing experiments with Evans blue dye ) to directly connect to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
