NB . Hamza has a special treatment : at the end of a closed syllable, it vanishes and lengthens the preceding vowel, e . g . > ( see compensatory lengthening ).
22.
One of these is known as " compensatory lengthening "; this occurred when consonants formerly present were lost : " maid " is the modern descendant of Old English " m�gde ".
23.
2 A similar distinction may have existed between and, both written " ?", and stemming respectively from former diphthongs ( * eu, * au, * ou ) and from compensatory lengthening.
24.
This is indicated by inscriptions in the Cyclades, which write Proto-Greek as } } } }, but the shifted as } } } } and new from compensatory lengthening as } } } }.
25.
Additionally, accentual differences in some Balto-Slavic languages indicate whether the post-PIE long vowel originated from a genuine PIE lengthened grade, or if it is a result of compensatory lengthening before a laryngeal.
26.
The distinction is most rigid closed syllables with short vowels end in a long consonant, and those with a long vowel in a single consonant; the only exception is where historic and meant the compensatory lengthening of the succeeding vowel.
27.
Most instances of " " and " " in nonarchaic Old Irish are due to compensatory lengthening of short vowels before lost consonants or to the merging of two short vowels in Welsh " " ) < PIE.
28.
The languages regardless share a number of features, such as the presence of a ninth vowel phoneme " ?", usually a close central unrounded in Livonian ), as well as loss of " * n " before " * s " with compensatory lengthening.
29.
Similarly to Munster Irish, historical " bh " and " mh " ( nasalised ) have been lost in the middle or at the end of a word in Manx either with compensatory lengthening or vocalisation as "'u "'resulting in diphthongisation with the preceding vowel.
30.
In Doric, with some differences ), the ? in the first aorist suffix causes compensatory lengthening of the vowel before the sonorant, producing a long vowel ( ? ?! ? or ?, ? ?! ??, ? ?! ?, ? ?! ??, ? ?! ? ).
