When accelerated to high enough speeds, nuclei can overcome this electrostatic repulsion and brought close enough such that the attractive nuclear force is greater than the repulsive Coulomb force.
22.
The electron in the conduction band is then effectively attracted to this localized hole by the repulsive Coulomb forces from large numbers of electrons surrounding the hole and excited electron.
23.
When long-range forces ( typically gravity or the Coulomb force ) are taken into account, then the interaction between each pair of particles needs to be computed.
24.
If one displaces by a tiny amount all of the electrons with respect to the ions, the Coulomb force pulls the electrons back, acting as a restoring force.
25.
For very long intermolecular distances the retardation of the Coulomb force ( first considered in 1948 for intermolecular forces by Hendrik Casimir and Dirk Polder ) may have to be included.
26.
Chemical potential energy, such as the energy stored in fossil fuels, is the work of the Coulomb force during rearrangement of mutual positions of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules.
27.
The third term L _ { brems } is due to the electron scattering by protons and ions because of the Coulomb force : every accelerated charge emits radiation according to classical elettrodynamics.
28.
Thus, the total force per unit length between the lines of charge, which in either the primed or double primed frame is considered to be purely a Coulomb force per unit length, is
29.
The gravitational constant is extremely small in atomic units ( around 10 " 45 ), which comes from the fact that the gravitational force between two electrons is far weaker than the Coulomb force.
30.
When an electric field is applied to the fluid ( usually via electrodes placed at inlets and outlets ), the net charge in the electrical double layer is induced to move by the resulting Coulomb force.
