In summary, ( + )-CPCA has lower potency and efficacy than cocaine in increasing locomotor activity in rodents . ( + )-CPCA only manages to produce partial methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects, although it is fully cocaine-like in cocaine-trained animals . ( + )-CPCA has lower reinforcing potential than cocaine as assessed by fixed and progressive ratio IV self-administration tests in rats, with its reinforcing effects confirmed by rhesus monkeys.
