The effective nuclear charge is approximately Z-1, where Z is the number of protons ( and if this is not accurate enough, neighboring elements in the periodic system have always an effective nuclear charge differing by approximately 1, so you can make the measurements for many elements until you have a complete series up to the element in question ) . talk ) 05 : 07, 6 December 2007 ( UTC)
22.
Isomer shift ( chemical shift, CS ) can be expressed using the formula below, where K is a nuclear constant, the difference between R e 2 and R g 2 is the effective nuclear charge radius difference between excited state and the ground state, and the difference between [ ? s 2 ( 0 ) ] a and [ ? s 2 ( 0 ) ] b is the electron density difference on the nucleus ( a = source, b = sample ).
