| 21. | It is found in elasmobranchs ( sharks, rays, and skates ), seabirds, and some reptiles.
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| 22. | Leonard Compagno doubted the taxonomic validity of this species in his 1999 " Checklist of Living Elasmobranchs ".
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| 23. | The earliest elasmobranch fossils came from the Devonian and many surviving orders date back to the Cretaceous, or even earlier.
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| 24. | All elasmobranchs have a rectal gland which functions in the excretion of excess salts accumulated as a consequence of living in seawater.
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| 25. | After a doctoral thesis on host, and was one of the first to propose schemes of coevolution between monogeneans and elasmobranchs.
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| 26. | While elasmobranchs are the definitive hosts, other organisms may be infected in earlier stages of the life cycle of these cestodes.
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| 27. | In teleost fish, the pseudobranchs are mostly without respiratory function, and in elasmobranchs they are the gill arch of the spiracle.
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| 28. | These species avoid competition by diet and habitat differences; the scoophead feeds on small elasmobranchs, octopus, squid, and flounders.
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| 29. | Dr . "'Samuel H . Gruber "'is a shark biologist and founder of the American Elasmobranch Society.
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| 30. | In sharks and other extant elasmobranchs the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper.
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